review

Digestive System Vocabulary Review

1.Organ that senses taste of food and helps push it to the back of the mouth. tongue
2. Saclike, muscular organ that secretes acids and churns food into a pulp. stomach
3.large tubular organ that absorb water, salts, and store waste matter. Large intestine
4.Gland that produce and secrete saliva which contain digestive enzymes. Salivary glands
5. Long tubular organ where most of Chemical digestion & absorption take place.  Small intestine
6. Entrance of the digestive system where mechanical and chemical digestion begins. mouth
7. muscular tube that connects and carries food from the moth to the stomach. esophagus
8. bony structures that grind and Crush food mechanically into smaller bits. Teeth ingestion
9. rhythmic muscular contractions that moves food through the digestive tract. peristalsis
10. production and release of useful substances (enzymes, hormones, etc) by a gland. secretion
11. movement of nutrient molecules through the wall of digestive system into the blood. absortion
12. process of eliminating waste products of metabolism (urine, co2, etc).  excretion
13. process of Eating i.e. taking food into the body through the mouth.
14. process by which fat globules re broken into smaller droplets by bile salt. emulsification
15. process by which body breaks down food into small nutrients that can be absorbed. digestion
16. process of elimination of indigestible food remains from digestive system. Egestion 

Endocrine System Vocabulary

1. Endocrine system  controls other body systems by releasing certain chemicals

2. hormones  chemicals that are produced by endocrine glands

3. Testes  male reproductive hormone

4. Thyroid controls how fast the body uses its energy

5. pancreas  makes insulin to help cells take in glucose; controls blood sugar levels

6. Feedback system turn endocrine glands ON and OFF; sends hormones where needed

7. Thymus helps fight disease and bacteria

8. Gland a group of cells that makes special chemicals for your body; they make hormones

9. Adrenal gland helps us respond to danger; fight or flight;makes epinephrine (adrenalin

10. parathyroid controls levels of vitamins and minerals in the body; controls calcium levels in blood

11. Ovaries  female reproductive hormone

12. Pituitary the gland that helps control all the other glands

Lymphatic System Structures Vocabulary

1. Tonsils Masses of lymphatic tissue that form a protective ring around the nose and upper throat
2. Spleen Mass of lymphatic tissue located in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen,forms lymphocytes and monocytes.removes worn out red out blood cells.
3. Lymph fluid Also known as lymph; plasma;is intracellular fluid as it returns to the venous circulatory system; lymph picks up waste products from the cells
4. Lacteals Are specialized lymph capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine. Their fat and fat soluble vitamins are carried into the bloodstream
5. Vermiform appendix  Lymphatic tissue that form the lower portion of the cecum of the large intestine.
6. Lymph nodes Bean shaped structures; located in lymph vessels. They filter lymph to remove harmful substances
7. Thymus Bean shaped structures; located in lymph vessels. They filter lymph to remove harmful substances
8. Lymph Capillaries  Carries lymph fluids from the tissue to the larger lymph vessels
9. Peyer's patches Are small bundles of lymphatic tissue located on the walls of the ileum of the small intestine

Lymphatic System

1. Lymph Fluid of lymphatic system
2. cisterna chili Lymphatic sac at the beginning of the thoracic duct between the abdominal aorta and L2
3. B cells  Mature in bone marrow
4. mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue(MALT) collection of nodules in mucosa or submucosa of digestive tract
5. Tonsils Around throat
6. Natural immunity Nonspecific response to invading pathogens
7. Lymphatic system Moves in one direction-toward subclavian veins: move only thru pressure
8. Bone marrow pluriptent stem cells-precursor blood cells
9. Immunity Defense reaction to microorganisms
10. peyer's patches Small intestine
11. T cells Mature in the thymus
12. Lymph nodes only place where lymph is filtered:cer, axillary & inguinal nodes are routinely checked by physicians
13. Vermiform appendix Inferior to the cecum
14. Thoracic duct Drains lymph from the rest of the body into the left subclavian vein
15. Spleen Largest lymphatic organ
16. Right lymphatic ducts Drains lymph from the right arm and right side of head and right thorax to right subclavian vein
17. Hodgkin’s Disease Cancer of the lymph nodes: physicians clearance
18. Lupus Erythematosus  autoimmune disease of connective tissues:massage contraindicated suring flare-ups
19. Chronic fatigue syndrome Disabling fatigue: shorter duration of massage if client is fatigued
20. Allergies Overreaction of the immune system to harmless agents:avoid possible allergens

VIDEO NUTRITION AND SPORT

This video is about the requeriments that the atletes need depending the training do, and explain that  don't have a plan in general for all atletes, this is individual. this video  mentioned that the glycogen forms an energy reserve that  can be quickly utilized to meet a sudden need. Also that eating before an athletic event will depend on what type of athletic event you're doing. And explain what is the omega three fatty acids, and what are the cons to eating extra protein as kidney stones, can be stored as fat, may actually hinder muscle growth, and that the Detoxification and cleanse programs can be really advantageous. If people go on a program like that and can combine it with a fast, they have to be cautious;in concrete, this video mentions diferents dudes that the people have with the sport and the nutricion.

Malnutrition and health in developing countries

Malnutrition continues to be a major public health problem throughout the developing world, particularly in southern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.The high prevalence of bacterial and parasitic diseases in developing countries contributes greatly to malnutrition there.
Protein–energy malnutrition
In children, protein–energy malnutrition is defined by measurements that fall below 2 standard deviations under the normal weight for age (underweight), height for age(stunting) and weight for heigt (wasting).6 Wasting indicates recent weight loss, whereas stunting usually results from chronic weight loss..Protein– energy malnutrition usually manifests early, in children between 6 months and 2 years of age and is associated with early weaning, delayed introduction of complementary foods, a low-protein diet and severe or frequent infections. One essential aspect of severe protein–energy malnutrition is the fatty degeneration of such diverse organs as the liver and heart. This degeneration is not just a sign of severe malnutrition; it causes subclinical or overt cardiac insufficiency, especially when malnutrition is accompanied by edema. Most children with severe protein–energy malnutrition have asymptomatic infections because their immune system fails to respond with chemotaxis, opsonization and phagocytosis of bacteria , viruses or fungi. After insufficient supply of protein, carbohydrates and fat, the next major cause of protein–energy malnutrition is severe and chronic infections — particularly those producing diarrhea, but also other diseases such as helminthic infections. The pathologic changes include immunologic deficiency in the humoral and cellular subsystem from protein deficiency and lack of immune mediators. In sub-Saharan Africa and, increasingly, India, an additional concern is that many patients with severe malnutrition are also infected with HIV.55 The high mortality indicates a need for a systematic approach to the severely malnourished patient that goes beyond an appropriate diet. To reduce mortality, a complex management scheme is pivotal. In poor communities, the treatment of helminth infections 3 times per year improved child growth and development.15 Protein–energy malnutrition and diarrhea typically interact in a vicious cycle, but the control of diarrhea depends on more than medical help.
Micronutrient deficiencies
Micronutrient deficiencies affect at least 2 billion people worldwide. Iron is an essential part of hemoglobin, myoglobin and various enzymes. Its deficiency thus leads mainly to anemia,
but also to several other adverse effects.Lack of iodine reduces the production of thyroid hormone
and increases that of thyroid-stimulating hormone. As a result, the thyroid gland becomes hyperplastic and
goitrous, and hypothyroidism develops.3,7.Vitamin A deficiency contributes to anemia by immobilizing
iron in the reticuloendothelial system, reducinghemopoiesis and increasing susceptibility to infections. Vitamin A is essential for the functioning of the eyes as well as the immune system. Zinc is essential for the functioning of many enzymes and is thus involved in a large number of metabolic processes, including RNA and DNA synthesis. Foods with a high content of absorbable micronutrients are considered the best means for preventing micronutrient deficiencies.
Diet-based strategies are probably the most promising approach for a sustainable control of micronutrient deficiencies. Because malnutrition has many causes, only multiple and synergistic interventions embedded in true multisectoral programs can be effective. Nutrition education about locally available protein- and micronutrient-rich plants is particularly effective and sustainable.

Cell structures and functions

In the nucleus can find structures as the chromosomes that usually in the form of chromatin, and composed of DNA; The nuclear membrane composed of two layers and numerous openings for nuclear traffic; the nucleolus have spherical shape and contains RNA for protein manufacture.
The cytoplasm contains with many structures as centrioles composed of nine tubes, each with three tubules, and involved in cellular division;the chloroplasts found in plant cells,and contain green chlorophyll where photosynthesis takes place; the cytoskeleton composed of microtubules that support cell and provides shape; the endoplasmic reticulum is a tubular network fused to nuclear membrane, and have two types the smooth type, lacks ribosomes and the rough type,ribosomes embedded in surface;the golgi apparatus composed of numerous layers forming a sac; the lysosome is digestive plant for proteins, lipids and carbohydrates and transports undigested material to cell membrane for removal; mitochondria is the second largest organelle and controls level of water and other materials in cell;the ribosomes are miniature protein factories, and composes 25% of cell's mass; and  finally the vacuoles contains water solution, and contractile vacuoles for water removal(in the unicellular organisms).

Autoimmune hepatitis

A. What criteria did you consider to select the reading? Explain details. Also mention the follower's name that posted your selection.

Is in the teacher's blog and is the most interesting topic.

B. What's it title? and author (s)?

autoinmune hepatitis and no author´s name

C. What kind of publication is it? Include the link, please.

Is an article and the link is

 http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/autoimmunehep/index.htm

D. List the most important ideas of the reading. Include an evidence from the article. (Copy/paste). In order to write a synopsis of the whole thing.

Autoimmune hepatitis affects the liver.Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease in which the body’s immune system attacks liver cells. This immune response causes inflammation of the liver, also called hepatitis. Researchers think a genetic factor may make some people more susceptible to autoimmune diseases. About 70 percent of those with autoimmune hepatitis are female.

The disease is usually quite serious and, if not treated, gets worse over time. Autoimmune hepatitis is typically chronic, meaning it can last for years, and can lead to cirrhosis—scarring and hardening—of the liver. Eventually, liver failure can result.

Autoimmune hepatitis is classified as type 1 or type 2. Type 1 is the most common form in North America. It can occur at any age but most often starts in adolescence or young adulthood. About half of those with type 1 have other autoimmune disorders, such as

type 1 diabetes

proliferative glomerulonephritis, an inflammation of blood vessels in the kidneys

thyroiditis, an inflammation of the thyroid gland

Graves’ disease, the leading cause of overactive thyroid

Sjögren’s syndrome, a syndrome that causes dry eyes and mouth autoimmune anemia

ulcerative colitis, an inflammation of the colon and rectum leading to ulcers

Type 2 autoimmune hepatitis is less common, typically affecting girls aged 2 to 14, although adults can have it too.

E. What did you figure out from the article?

Everything related to autoimmune hepatitis

F. Write a conclusion

Treatment works best when autoimmune hepatitis is diagnosed early. With proper treatment, autoimmune hepatitis can usually be controlled. In fact, studies show that sustained response to treatment stops the disease from getting worse and may reverse some of the damage.

The primary treatment is medicine to suppress, or slow down, an overactive immune system.

Both types of autoimmune hepatitis are treated with daily doses of a corticosteroid called prednisone. Treatment may begin with a high dose of 30 to 60 mg per day and be lowered to 10 to 20 mg per day as the disease is controlled. The goal is to find the lowest possible dose that will control the disease.

In about seven out of 10 people, the disease goes into remission within 3 years of starting treatment.

Some people with mild forms of the disease may not need to take medication. Doctors assess each patient individually to determine whether those with mild autoimmune hepatitis should undergo treatment.

 

G. Make a list of the vocabulary you consider key or related to the topic?

Liver

Proliferative glomerulonephritis,

Inflammation of blood vessels in the kidneys

Thyroiditis

Inflammation of the thyroid gland

Graves’ disease, the leading cause of overactive thyroid

Sjögren’s syndrome, a syndrome that causes dry eyes and mouth autoimmune anemia

Ulcerative colitis,

Inflammation of the colon

Rectum leading to ulcers

H. Find at least one example of each of the grammar structures we have studied during this period (segundo parcial). Be sure to include the whole sentence where you found each of them.