digestive system

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

The digestive system is the set of organs (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine) responsible for the process of digestion, ie the transformation of food so they can be absorbed and utilized by body cells .
The function performed is the transport (food), secretion (digestive juices), absorption (nutrients) and excretion (through the process of defecation).

Anatomical description

EsophagusThe esophagus is a tube or muscle membrane that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Of the incisors to the cardia (the portion where the esophagus is continuous with the stomach) is about 40 cm. The esophagus begins at the neck, chest and traverses into the abdomen through the esophageal opening of the diaphragm. Usually it is a virtual cavity. (Ie the walls are joined and only open when the bolus passes). The esophagus reaches measure 25 cm and has a structure consisting of two layers of muscles, allowing the contraction and relaxation downstream of the esophagus. These waves are called peristalsis and are causing the spread of food to the estómago.Es just a step area of the bolus, and is the union of different holes, the mouth, the nose, ears and larynx 

Stomach

The stomach is an organ which accumulates comida.Varia so by state filling (amount of nutritional content present in the stomach) that is usually shaped like a J. It consists of several parts that are: fundus, body, antrum and pylorus. Less extensive edge is called lesser curvature and the other, greater curvature. The cardia is the boundary between the esophagus and stomach and pylorus is the boundary between stomach and small intestine. In an individual is about 25cm of the cardia to the pylorus and the transverse diameter is 12cm.
Is responsible for making the chemical transformation as gastric juices transform the bolus that had previously been mechanically processed (from the mouth.)
Inside are two main types of cells, parietal cells, which secrete hydrochloric acid (HCL) and intrinsic factor, a glycoprotein used in the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine and also contains the principal cells or oxyntic the which secrete pepsinogen, the precursor enzyme is activated by the HCL form pepsins 3 each.
The secretion of gastric juice is regulated by both the nervous system and the endocrine system, a process in which they operate: gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK), secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide (PIG).
In the Stomach digestion is performed:

    * Proteins (mainly pepsin).
    * Lipids.
    * NO Carbohydrate digestion occurs.
    * Other functions of the stomach are the elimination of bacterial flora food comes with the action of hydrochloric acid.

Small intestine
The small intestine starts in the duodenum (after the pylorus) and ends at the ileocecal valve, which joins the first part of the large intestine. Its length is variable and its size decreases gradually from its origin to the ileocecal valve and measures 6 to 7 feet long.
In the small intestine to absorb nutrients and digest food. The tube is filled with villi that increase the absorption surface.
The duodenum, part of the small intestine is about 25 to 30 cm in length, the small intestine consists of a proximal or distal jejunum and ileum and, the boundary between the two parts is not very apparent. The duodenum is attached to the jejunum after 30cm from the pylorus.
The jejunum-ileum is part of the small intestine that is characterized by a relatively fixed ends: The first originates in the duodenum and the second is limited to the ileocecal valve and the first portion of the blind. Its size decreases slowly but steadily toward the large intestine. The boundary between the jejunum and ileum is not noticeable. The small intestine has numerous villi which increase the surface of intestinal absorption of nutrients and proteins. The small intestine, mainly the duodenum, pour a variety of secretions such as bile and pancreatic juice.

Large intestine

The large intestine starts from the ileocecal valve in a blind pouch called the rising of the vermiform appendix and ends at the rectum. From the cecum to the rectum describes a series of curves, forming a frame in the center are the loops of ileum jejunum. Its length is variable, between 120 and 160 cm, and its size gradually decreases, with the narrowest portion of the region where it joins the rectum or rectosigmoid junction where its diameter is not usually exceed 3 cm, while the blind is 6 or 7 cm.
After the blind, the large intestine is known as the ascending colon, with a length of 15cm, to give rise to the third portion is the transverse colon with an average length of 50cm, giving rise to a fourth portion which is the descending colon 10cm length. Finally, unlike the sigmoid colon, rectum and anus. The rectum is the terminal part of the digestive tract.

Pancreas
Gland is intimately connected to the duodenum, is of mixed origin, secretes hormones to control blood sugar and pancreatic juice is poured into the intestine through the pancreatic duct, and intervenes and helps digestion, their secretions are important in the digestion of food.

Liver

The liver is the largest internal organ of the body. Weighs 1500 grams. It has three lobes, right, left and caudate, which in turn are divided into segmentos.Las bile ducts are excretory pathways of the liver, bile is driven them into the duodenum. Usually get two channels: left and right that converge together to form a single tube. The hepatic duct receives duct thinner, the cystic duct, which comes from the gallbladder hosted on the visceral surface of liver. Meeting of the cystic and hepatic ducts forms the common bile duct, which descends into the duodenum, which flows along with the excretory duct of the pancreas. The gallbladder is a reservoir muscle membrane on derivation of the main bile duct. Contains about 50-60 cc of bile. It is slightly oval or pear-shaped and its diameter is about 8 to 10 cm.

Spleen
The spleen, its main functions should be considered an organ of the circulatory system, but for his great ability to absorb nutrients through the blood, may be added to the annexes of the digestive apparatus. Its size depends on the amount of blood it contains.

tarea del jueves

Parts of Speech Quiz
1 I bought a beautiful dress at the mall.
adjective
2 What did she ask you to do?
pronoun
3 I left my shoes under  the kitchen table.
preposition
4 If we finish our work quickly  we can go to the movies.
adverb
5 On Saturdays I work from nine to five.
verb
6 I want to go to a university in the United States.
noun
7 I'm sure I have met  your girlfriend before
verb
8 Well, I don't think I will be here to answer the phone.
interjection
9 Andy knocked on the door but nobody answered.
conjunction
10 After lunch let's go out for a coffee.
preposition

Active or Passive Quiz
1 I ate a piece of chocolate cake. active
2 The librarian read the book to the students. active
3 The money was stolen. passive
4 They are paid on Fridays. passive
5 The movie is being made in Hollywood. passive
6 I washed my car three weeks ago. active
7 His hair was cut by a professional.passive
8 I will introduce you to my boss this week. active
9 It would have been fixed on the weekend. passive
10 The national anthem is being sung by Jason this time.passive

Can, Could, Be able to Quiz
1 Could he understand what you were talking about? 
2 My sister can play tennis now. 
3 I could walk when I was less than a year old.
4 (Polite) Could you tell me what time it is, please?
5 My grandfather was able to walk without any help last night.
6 I would like to be able to play the piano. 
7 How long have you been able to drive?
8 I'll be able to help you later.
9 Can you help me? I can to never understand this. 
10 Will Man be able to live forever one day?

Reading Homework 

1. What's title?

 Physical Therapy
Reviewed by: Karen Manternach, MSPT

2. List the most important ideas.*Physical therapists are often able to relieve pain and help kids resume daily activities.
*Doctors may recommend PT for kids with:
•cerebral palsy
•genetic disorders
•orthopedic disabilities
•heart and lung conditions
•muscle diseases
*Physical therapists often use a variety of treatments to help build strength, improve movement, and strengthen skills needed to complete daily activities.
*Physical therapists tend to work in hospitals, private practices, fitness centers, and rehabilitation and research facilities

3.What did you figure out from the article?That the Physical therapy may be needed any time a child has difficulty moving in such a way that it limits daily activities.  During a visit, with a physical therapist  might guide kids through:weightlifting to build strength around an injury;flexibility exercises to increase range of motion;giving instruction on how to avoid injuries; improving circulation around injuries by using heat, cold, exercise, electrical stimulation, massage, and ultrasound.

4.Make a list of key vocabulary

flexibility
aquatic therapy
exercise
electrical stimulation
massage
ultrasound
rehabilitation
physical therapy
disability
prevent.
developmental delays
cerebral palsy
orthopedic disabilities
birth defects
acute trauma
head injury
limb deficiencies
muscle diseases

5.Write a conclusion
 The Physical Therapy is important when the people have problems for do their activities daily.

6. Find at least an example of the structures 
1).identify potential and existing problems
2)Physical therapists must earn a master's degree or receive a doctoral degree in physical therapy
3)in such a way that it limits daily activities
4)Doctors often recommend physical therapy for kids who have been injured
5)Doctors often recommend physical therapy

tarea del martes

Parts of Speech

Parts of Speech 1
speak-- verb 
by-- preposition 
cat-- noun 
oh-- interjection 
and-- conjunction 
quickly-- adverb 
beautiful-- adjective 
they-- pronoun 
the-- article

Parts of Speech 2
verb-- learn 
preposition-- on 
article-- an 
adjective-- difficult 
conjunction-- but 
noun-- class 
interjection-- hi 
adverb-- slowly 
pronoun-- she

Parts of Speech 3
1.badly--adverb
2.education--noun
3.we--pronoun
4.over--preposition
5.Hey!--interjection
6.little--adjective
7.a--article
8.or--conjunction
9.eat--verb

Reading Homework
1. What's title?
Urinary tract infection

2. List the most important ideas.
*Urinary tract infections (UTI) are mostly commonly caused by bacteria and can affect any component of the urinary tract
*Women are more prone to UTI than men
*the most common infections are those of the Urethra and Bladder.
*If the infection affects your Kidneys and is found to be serious, you may require treatment for a longer period of time at a hospital.
*Symptoms of UTI are:
Burning sensation while urinating
Frequent urge to urinate
Leakage of drops of urine
*Tips to prevent UTI
Drink plenty of water or other liquids.
Do not retain or hold back urine.
After sexual intercourse, wash your genital area and urinate to wash away bacteria.

3. What did you figuere out from the article?
About what are urinary tract infections, know their symptoms, as well as taking into account any recommendations to prevent such infection.

4.Make a list of key vocabulary
kidneys
ureters
bladder
urethra
urine
rectum
diaphragms
bacteria
urinary tract infections

5.Write a conclusion
Knowing the signs and symptoms will help you identify if you have been affected with a urinary tract infection and thus know how to prevent or treat the afection

6. find at least an example of the structures
1).Burning sensation while urinating
2). he or she may suggest a urine sample test to ascertain the presence of bacteria in it.
3). When some urine remains in the bladder, bacteria can thrive in it and cause infection.
4).When some urine remains in the bladder, bacteria can thrive in it and cause infection.
 5. During sexual intercourse, bacteria can be pushed into the Urethra.
6).  if you have been affected with a urinary tract infection.

EXERCISES

E3 :

1.- LOST

2.- HAS STOP

3.- LEFT 

4.- MADE

5.- FIXTED

6.- DECIDED.

7.-STARTED

8.-BEEN

9.-HAS STARTED

10.-BOUGTH

11.-GONE

E. PRESENT PERFECT.

1.- A FILM HAS BEEN WATCHED BYE MR JONES

2.- ENGLISH HAS BEEN SPOKEN BY PEOPLE.

3.- COMICS HAVE BEEN READ BY HIM

4.- VOPLLYBALL HAS BEEN PLAYED BY US

5.- THE SOG HAS BEEN SUNG BY THEM

6.- PHOTOS HAVE BEEN TAKEN BY ME

7.- THE HOUSEWORK HAS BEEN DONE BY ME

8.- THE CHILDREN HAVE BEEN HELPED BY THE POLICEMEN

9.-TEX MESSAGES HAVE BEEN WRITTEN BY HIM

10.- THE FLOWERS HAVE BEEN WARTED BY MOM

VOCABULARY

ENGLISH	SPANISH	ENGLISH	SPANISH
MUSCLE FIBER	FIBRA MUSCULAR	CONTRACTIBILITY	CONTRACTILIDAD
ATTACHED	ADJUNTO	MOVEMENT	MOVIMIENTO
MUSCLE CONTRACTION	CONTRACCION MUSCULAR	JOINT	MIXTO
BONES	HUESOS	SKELETAL  MUSCLES	MUSCULOS DEL ESQUELETO
POSTURE	POSTURA	JOINT STABILITY	CONJUNTO DE ESTABILIDAD
HEAT PRODUCTION	PRODUCCION DE CALOR	TENDONS	TENDONES
MUSCLE TENDONS	MUSCULO TENDONES	MUSCLE METABOLISM	METABOLISMO MUSCULAR

VOCABULARY

 

ENGLISH	SPANISH	ENGLISH	SPANISH
MUSCLE FIBER	FIBRA MUSCULAR	CONTRACTIBILITY	CONTRACTILIDAD
ATTACHED	ADJUNTO	MOVEMENT	MOVIMIENTO
MUSCLE CONTRACTION	CONTRACCION MUSCULAR	JOINT	MIXTO
BONES	HUESO	SKELETAL  MUSCLES	MUSCULOS DEL ESQUELETO
POSTURE	POSTURA	JOINT STABILITY	CONJUNTO DE ESTABILIDAD
HEAT PRODUCTION	PRODUCCION DE CALOR	TENDONS	TENDONES
MUSCLE TENDONS	MUSCULO TENDONES	MUSCLE METABOLISM	METABOLISMO MUSCULAR

DIARIO TRADUCCIONES

E 1:

1. La tetraciclina ha sido reconocida como una de las causas de la hipertensión intracraneal benigna.

2. La diarrea asociada con la administración de clindamicina se ha estudiado.

3. Los pacientes con síntomas vasculares y neurológicos se han encontrado.

 1. Este lugar de estos fármacos en el tratamiento de la sífilis no se ha establecido.

 2. Estos medicamentos no han sido reconocidas como una causa de hipertensión

E2:

1. Estudios recientes con oxitocyn purificada y sintéticos han avanzado significativamente la comprensión del papel de esta hormona en la secreción de la función y la leche.

2. La inflamación del nervio óptico se ha encontrado de vez en cuando ...

E3:

1.   1.- Although tetracycline has been recognized as a cause of benign intracranial hypertension, only a few cases have been documented in adults

2.    2.-Although treponemicidal substances have been employed for many years as local prophylactic agents, the use of these compounds is no longer recommended.

D

E4:

Aunque el mecanismo antidiurética es protectora de la naturaleza, puede dar lugar a complicaciones graves sobre todo en trastornos caracterizados por la retención de líquidos y edema.

2. A pesar de la mejora en la visión no es de esperar en pacientes con atrofia óptica, la detención del proceso de atrofia puede ser obtenida por tratamiento con penicilina

 

reading of the urinary system

 ADJECTIVES ED/ ING
* The resulting middle depression leads into a hollow chamber called the "renal sinus."
*and they are divided into several (eight to fourteen) "minor calyces."
*Its opening is located above the vaginal opening and about 2.5 cm below the clitoris
*can be divided into three sections.
* is purified by the kidneys and circulated on to the rest of the body.

RELATIVES PRONOUN.

*of the blood which is output by the heart is sent to the body's "filter treatment plant".
* where it is purified by the kidneys and circulated on to the rest of the body.
*the convex surface of the kidney, and which apex to form the renal papillae.
*back into the ureter when the bladder contracts.
*called "urethral glands," that secrete mucus into the urethral canal.

IT

*It also contains numerous mucous glands
*It passes forward from the bladder.
*It is important to drink plenty of fluids each day to keep the kidneys in good working.
*the bladder for storage until it can be conveniently expelled.
*It is composed of two layers of cells.

CONNECTORS:

*so if we overeat or overdrink one day and diet the next,
* or if we have an active

diario vocabulary

*kidney-->riñon.
*renal artery ---> arteria renal.
*renal vein --->vena renal.
* ureter --> ureteres.
*bladder--> vejiga.
*sphicter--> esfinter.